Author: cancerbiologyandclinicaloncology

Cancer cells differ from normal cells in the body in many ways. Normal cells become cancerous when a series of mutations leads the cell to continue to grow and divide out of control, and, in a way, a cancer cell is a cell that has achieved a sort of immortality. Also unlike normal cells that remain in the region where they began, cancer cells have the ability to both invade nearby tissues and spread to distant regions of the body. We will look at the process that leads to the development of a cancer cell, some of the ways in which cancer cells differ from normal cells, and why the body may not recognize cancer cells and destroy them as it does other foreign cells

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Carcinogens are substances known to cause and promote cancer. Carcinogens can be either man-made, such as cigarette smoke, or present naturally in the environment, as is ultraviolet radiation from the sun, both of which are known to play a major role in the development of cancer. Carcinogens can also enhance other factors that cause the cancer. Certain cancers develop slowly. It can take from 5 to 40 years for cancer to develop after exposure to a cancer-causing agent, making identification of carcinogens difficult. The number of exposures as well as the length of time exposed to carcinogens determines whether a cancer will develop, but there is no evidence that there is a safe level of any carcinogen.

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Anticancer drug, also called antineoplastic drug, any drug that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease. There are several major classes of anticancer drugs; these include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, and hormones. In addition, there are a number of drugs that do not fall within those classes but that demonstrate anticancer activity and thus are used in the treatment of malignant disease. The term chemotherapy frequently is equated with the use of anticancer drugs, although it more accurately refers to the use of chemical compounds to treat disease generally.

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Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, in biology, a mechanism that allows cells to self-destruct when stimulated by the appropriate trigger. Apoptosis can be triggered by mild cellular injury and by various factors internal or external to the cell; the damaged cells are then disposed of in an orderly fashion. As a morphologically distinct form of programmed cell death, apoptosis is different from the other major process of cell death known as necrosis. Apoptosis involves condensation of the nucleus and cytoplasm, followed by cellular partitioning into well-defined fragments for disposal. In multicellular organisms, cell number normally results from the rate of cell production minus the rate of apoptosis.

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The cell is the fundamental unit of life. It is the smallest structure of the body capable of performing all of the processes that define life. Each of the organs in the body, such as the lung, breast, colon, and brain, consists of specialized cells that carry out the organ’s functions such as the transportation of oxygen, digestion of nutrients, excretion of waste materials, locomotion, reproduction, thinking.

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Cancer describes an enormous spectrum of diseases that all originate from uncontrolled cellular growth. Broadly divided into benign tumors or malignant tumors, cancers are further defined and classified by their cell type, tissue, or organ of origin.

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Oncology is the study of cancer. A doctor who specializes in treating individuals suffering from cancer is called an oncologist. In most situations, a clinical oncologist manages the care and treatment once a person is diagnosed with cancer. A medical oncologist specializes in treating cancer with chemotherapy – the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. A surgical oncologist specializes in the surgical aspects of cancer, including a biopsy, surgically removing the cancer, the surrounding tissue, and sometimes, the nearby lymph nodes. A radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation therapy.

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Risk estimates for cancer and other diseases are determined by studying large groups of people. Researchers focus on the probability that any person or category of people will develop the disease over a certain period of time. They also look to see what characteristics or behaviors are associated with increased or decreased risk. Risk is the chance that an event will happen. When talking about cancer, risk is most often used to describe the chance that a person will get cancer. It is also used to describe the chance that the cancer will come back or recur. Researchers and doctors use cancer risk to improve the health of many people. One example of this understands the risks from smoking. Scientists discovered that smoking increases the risk of lung cancer. They used this knowledge to launch a global anti-smoking campaign to help save lives.

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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die. When tumor suppressor genes don’t work properly, cells can grow out of control, which can lead to cancer. A tumor suppressor gene is like the brake pedal on a car. It normally keeps the cell from dividing too quickly, just as a brake keeps a car from going too fast. When something goes wrong with the gene, such as a mutation, cell division can get out of control.

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Leukemia is cancer of the body’s blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. Many types of leukemia exist. Some forms of leukemia are more common in children. Other forms of leukemia occur mostly in adults. Leukemia usually involves the white blood cells. Your white blood cells are potent infection fighters they normally grow and divide in an orderly way, as your body needs them. But in people with leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells, which don’t function properly.

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