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Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, some grow relatively quickly. The cancer cells may spread from the prostate to other areas of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. It may initially cause no symptoms. In later stages, it can lead to difficulty urinating, blood in the urine or pain in the pelvis, back, or when urinating. A disease known as benign prostatic hyperplasia may produce similar symptoms. Other late symptoms may include feeling tired due to low levels of red blood cells.

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A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize. However, they can sometimes be quite large. When removed, benign tumors usually do not grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening. Benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate than malignant tumors and the tumor cells are usually more differentiated (cells have normal features).They are typically surrounded by an outer surface (fibrous sheath of connective tissue) or remain with the epithelium.Common examples of benign tumors include moles and uterine fibroids.

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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes. Symptoms may include feeling tired, pale skin color, fever, easy bleeding or bruising, enlarged lymph nodes, or bone pain. As an acute leukemia, ALL progresses rapidly and is typically fatal within weeks or months if left untreated.

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Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. Melanomas typically occur in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye. In women, they most commonly occur on the legs, while in men they are most common on the back. Sometimes they develop from a mole with changes such as an increase in size, irregular edges, and change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown.

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A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain.There are two main types of tumors: cancerous (malignant) tumors and benign tumors.Cancerous tumors can be divided into primary tumors, which start within the brain, and secondary tumors, which have spread from elsewhere, known as brain metastasis tumors.All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved.These symptoms may include headaches, seizures, problems with vision, vomiting and mental changes.The headache is classically worse in the morning and goes away with vomiting. Other symptoms may include difficulty walking, speaking or with sensations.As the disease progresses, unconsciousness may occur.

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Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly-inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin.

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Cancer genomics is the study of the totality of DNA sequence and gene expression differences between tumour cells and normal host cells. Cancer genome sequencing is the whole genome sequencing of a single, homogeneous or heterogeneous group of cancer cells. It is a biochemical laboratory method for the characterization and identification of the DNA or RNA sequences of cancer cell

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Anaemias resulting from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency are sometimes referred to as macrocytic anaemia because red blood cells are larger than normal, or “megaloblastic” due to abnormally large immature red cells in the bone marrow.

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Bone cancer describes a malignant tumor of the bone that destroys healthy bone tissue. Bone cancer is divided into primary and secondary bone cancer: primary bone cancer forms in the cells of the bone and secondary bone cancer starts elsewhere, eventually spreading to bones. Imaging tests can help determine the location and size of bone tumors, and whether the tumors have spread to other parts of the body. The types of imaging tests recommended depend on your individual signs and symptoms. Tests may include: Bone scan, Computerized tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Positron emission tomography (PET), X-ray.

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Esophagectomy is the main surgical treatment for esophageal cancer. It is done either to remove the cancer or to relieve symptoms. During an esophagectomy, the surgeon removes all or part of the esophagus through an incision in the chest or abdomen or both. Possible risks of esophagectomy. Like most serious operations, surgery of the esophagus has some risks. Strictures (narrowing) can form where the esophagus is surgically connected to the stomach, which can cause problems swallowing for some patients.

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