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Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At low doses, radiation is used in x-rays to see inside your body, as with x-rays of your teeth or broken bones. At high doses, radiation therapy kills cancer cells or slows their growth by damaging their DNA. Cancer cells whose DNA is damaged beyond repair stop dividing or die. When the damaged cells die, they are broken down and removed by the body. Radiation therapy does not kill cancer cells right away. It takes days or weeks of treatment before DNA is damaged enough for cancer cells to die. Then, cancer cells keep dying for weeks or months after radiation therapy ends.

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A rare cancer that forms in the outer layer of tissue of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline to control heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions). Also called adrenocortical cancer and adrenocortical carcinoma. A noncancerous tumor of the adrenal gland is called a benign adenoma. If you have cancer in the adrenal glands, but it didn’t originate there, it’s not considered an adrenal cortical carcinoma. Cancers of the breast, stomach, kidney, skin, and lymphoma are most likely to spread to the adrenal glands.

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A cancer cluster is a disease cluster in which a high number of cancer cases occurs in a group of people in a particular geographic area over a limited period of time. The occurrence of a larger-than-expected number of cases of cancer within a group of people in a geographic area over a period of time. A cancer cluster refers to the occurrence of a greater than expected number of cancer cases among a group of people in a defined geographic area over a specific time period. A cancer cluster may be suspected when people report that several family members, friends, neighbors, or coworkers have been diagnosed with the same or related types of cancer. Because cancer is a relatively common disease, cases of cancer can appear to cluster even when there is no connection among them. That is, clusters of cancer can arise by chance.

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Lumpectomy is surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from your breast. Lumpectomy is also called breast-conserving surgery or wide local excision because — unlike a mastectomy — only a portion of the breast is removed. Doctors may also refer to lumpectomy as an excisional biopsy. Lumpectomy is surgery in which only the tumor and some surrounding tissue is removed. On the following pages, you can learn more about lumpectomy surgery, lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy, what to expect from lumpectomy surgery, and questions to ask your surgeon.

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limb-salvage surgery is a procedure where a bone that has cancer is removed and the limb (usually an arm or leg) is saved from amputation by filling the gap with a bone graft or special metal rod. Limb salvage is a surgical procedure that replaces a diseased bone and reconstructs a functional limb by using a metal implant, a bone graft from another person (allograft), or a combination bone graft and metal implant (allo-prosthetic composite). The goal of this type of surgery is to remove the tumor with minimal complications while maintaining acceptable function, durability, and appearance of the limb.

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Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare childhood cancer. It happens when immature blood cells (called blasts) make too many myelocytes and monocytes (two types of white blood cells). These myelocytes, monocytes, and blasts crowd the normal cells in the bone marrow and other organs in the body, causing the symptoms of JMML. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia usually happens in children younger than 4 years old.

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An incisional biopsy is a medical test to remove a piece of tissue from a lesion or mass. The tissue is then tested to find out what it is. An excisional biopsy is a medical test in which the whole lesion or mass is removed and tested.  An incisional biopsy is a medical test to remove a piece of tissue from a lesion or mass. The tissue is then tested to find out what it is. An excisional biopsy is a medical test in which the whole lesion or mass is removed and tested.

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Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes or polymorphonuclear neutrophils because of the varying shapes of the nucleus, which is usually lobed into three segments. A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. A granulocyte is a type of white blood cell. Also called granular leukocyte, PMN, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte.

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A blastoma is a type of cancer, more common in children, that is caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts. Examples are nephroblastoma, medulloblastoma, and retinoblastoma. All cells have a life cycle. They exist for a certain amount of time, and then they die. The body’s cells are constantly renewing themselves. Cancer cells are ones that do not die at the natural time in their life cycle. Instead, they grow uncontrollably, spreading and causing tissue damage. Blastoma is cancer that affects a type of stem cell known as a precursor cell in a fetus. A precursor cell is one that can become any type of body cell.

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Germ cell tumors arise in the ovaries (in girls), the testes (in boys), and in several other locations, including the lower back (common in infancy), the abdomen, the chest, and within the brain. Germ cell tumors starting within the brain are discussed further under Brain Tumors. Germ cell tumors in the testes of an adolescent male commonly present as an enlarging, solid mass, which may be painful. Within the ovaries, germ cell tumors can usually be distinguished from ovarian cysts, which are much more common, using ultrasound. Germ cell tumors can spread to lymph nodes, lung, liver, and brain. Some germ cell tumors secrete hormones that can lead to changes resembling puberty. Germ cell tumors are more common, but still rare, in undescended testes that were not corrected.

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