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angiogram: a type of X-ray, using a special dye, that helps show blood vessels and blood flow. It’s also used to identify certain kinds of tumors. An angiogram is a diagnostic test that uses x-rays to take pictures of your blood vessels. A long flexible catheter is inserted through the blood stream to deliver dye (contrast agent) into the arteries making them visible on the x-ray.  This test can help diagnose a stroke, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, tumor, clots, and arterial stenosis.

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Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair. Cancer cells differ from normal cells in the body in many ways. Normal cells become cancerous when a series of mutations leads the cell to continue to grow and divide out of control, and, in a way, a cancer cell is a cell that has achieved a sort of immortality.

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The most immature cells are called myeloblasts (or blasts). The percentage of blasts in the bone marrow or blood is particularly important. Having at least 20% blasts in the marrow or blood is generally required for a diagnosis of AML. The CBC may show abnormally high or abnormally low white blood cell counts. In addition, there may be abnormalities of the red blood cells or platelets. In some cases, there may be blasts (immature white blood cells) present in the CBC. In most cases, the diagnosis of leukemia is confirmed by a bone marrow biopsy.

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Allogeneic BMT Healthy marrow is taken from a matched donor and used to replace the patients bone marrow which has been destroyed by high dose chemotherapy. The donor may be a relative, if the patient has a twin this may be the best match, otherwise a brother, sister, or another unrelated person may donate marrow. An allogeneic stem cell transplant uses healthy blood stem cells from a donor to replace your diseased or damaged bone marrow. An allogeneic stem cell transplant is also called an allogeneic bone marrow transplant.

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cytotoxic drugs kill or damage cells. The normal cells of the body grow and die in a controlled way, but cancer cells keep growing and multiplying. Chemotherapy destroys cancer cells by stopping them from growing or multiplying at one or more points during the life cycle of the cell. Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells. Examples of toxic agents are an immune cell or some types of venom, e.g. from the puff adder (Bitis arietans) or brown recluse spider.

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Eosinophils, sometimes called eosinophiles or, less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells and basophils, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during hematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating into blood, after which they are terminally differentiated and do not multiply. These cells are eosinophilic or “acid-loving” due to their large acidophilic cytoplasmic granules, The staining is concentrated in small granules within the cellular cytoplasm, which contain many chemical mediators, such as eosinophil peroxidase, ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonucleases (DNase), lipase, plasminogen, and major basic protein. These mediators are released by a process called degranulation following activation of the eosinophil, and are toxic to both parasite and host tissues.

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Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in treating a disease or condition. The term is used in the context of resistance that pathogens or cancers have “acquired”, that is, resistance has evolved. Antimicrobial resistance and antineoplastic resistance challenge clinical care and drive research. When an organism is resistant to more than one drug, it is said to be multidrug-resistant. The immune system of an organism is in essence a drug delivery system.  The development of antibiotic resistance in particular stems from the drugs targeting only specific bacterial molecules (almost always proteins). Because the drug is so specific, any mutation in these molecules will interfere with or negate its destructive effect, resulting in antibiotic resistance. Furthermore there is mounting concern over the abuse of antibiotics in the farming of livestock, which in the European Union alone accounts for three times the volume dispensed to humans – leading to development of super-resistant bacteria.

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A core biopsy is a procedure where a needle is passed through the skin to take a sample of tissue from a mass or lump. The tissue is then examined under a microscope for any abnormalities. Core biopsy may be performed when a suspicious lump is found, for example a breast lump or enlarged lymph node, or if an abnormality is detected on an imaging test such as x-ray, ultrasound or mammography. Core biopsy is a more invasive procedure than fine needle aspiration biopsy, as it involves a local anaesthetic. However, it is quicker and less invasive than a surgical biopsy. In some cases, the result of a core biopsy will prevent the need for surgery to take place.

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chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is  a relatively rare type of leukemia, or cancer of the blood and blood-forming tissue, in which too many white blood cells are created in the bone marrow. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a cancer that affects your blood cells and bone marrow — the soft part inside your bones where blood cells are made. CML usually happens when you’re middle-aged or older. The symptoms tend to come on gradually. Many of them can also be signs of other illnesses. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is an uncommon type of cancer of the bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. CML causes an increased number of white blood cells in the blood.

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Aplastic anemia is a condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells. Aplastic anemia leaves you feeling fatigued and with a higher risk of infections and uncontrolled bleeding. A rare and serious condition, aplastic anemia can develop at any age. A rare and serious condition, aplastic anemia can develop at any age. Aplastic anemia may occur suddenly, or it can occur slowly and get worse over a long period of time. Treatment for aplastic anemia may include medications, blood transfusions or a stem cell transplant, also known as a bone marrow transplant. Symptoms: Aplastic anemia symptoms may include: Fatigue, Shortness of breath with exertion, Rapid or irregular heart rate, Pale skin, Frequent or prolonged infections, Unexplained or easy bruising, Nosebleeds and bleeding gums, Prolonged bleeding from cuts, Skin rash, Dizziness, Headache.
Aplastic anemia can progress slowly over weeks or months, or it may come on suddenly. The illness may be brief, or it may become chronic. Aplastic anemia can be very severe and even fatal.

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